文献类型： 中文期刊
关键词： 腐植酸尿素;;秸秆分解率;;秸秆碳氮转化酶;;秸秆分解微生物;;差异微生物
期刊名称：植物营养与肥料学报
ISSN： 1008-505X
年卷期： 2025 年
页码：
收录情况： 北大核心（2023版） ; ; CSCD（2025-2026年度） ; ; 科技核心（2024版） ; ; 农林核心（2024版）
摘要： 【目的】研究腐植酸尿素施用对玉米秸秆分解过程中微生物群落的演替的影响，明确参与秸秆分解的关键微生物类群，为华北平原秸秆资源高效利用提供养分管理措施。【方法】基于 2016 年开始的河南省现代农业研究开发基地的新型肥料田间定位试验，于 2022 年 10 月份选取普通尿素处理和腐植酸尿素处理 [ 施氮 (N) 量均为 200 kg/hm2] 进行为期 200 天的大田秸秆包填埋试验。于秸秆填埋后不同时期采集秸秆样品，测定秸秆残体碳氮及有机组分、秸秆分解胞外酶活性及细菌、真菌多样性。【结果】与尿素处理相比，腐植酸尿素处理玉米秸秆分解率及氮素释放率显著提高了 6.98% 和 32.29%，碳素释放率提高了 6.56%；秸秆纤维素、半纤维素和木质素分解率分别提高 12.27%、9.35% 和 14.27%；β-葡萄糖苷酶、纤维素二糖水解酶、亮氨酸氨肽基酶和漆酶活性也在一定时期显著提升。秸秆分解优势细菌包括变形菌门 (Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门 (Bacteroidota)、放线菌门 (Actinobacteriota) 和厚壁菌门 (Firmicutes)，优势秸秆分解真菌包括子囊菌门 (Ascomycota)、毛霉门(Mucoromycota) 和担子菌门 (Basidiomycota)。腐植酸尿素处理显著富集了壤霉菌属 (Agromyces)，小土居菌属(Microterricola) 和拟节杆菌属 (Paenarthrobacter)、假单胞菌属 (Pseudomonas) 和金黄杆菌属 (Chryseobacterium)、拟节杆菌属 (Paenarthrobacter)、根瘤菌属 (Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium) 和中慢生根瘤菌属 (Mesorhizobium) 等秸秆分解关键细菌类群，以及放射毛霉属 (Actinomucor)、汉纳酵母菌属 (Hannaella)、短梗蠕孢属 (Trichocladium)、曲霉菌属 (Aspergillus) 等秸秆分解关键真菌类群。秸秆氮含量、木质素/氮和 β-葡糖苷酶是影响秸秆分解微生物群落结构的重要因素。【结论】相较普通尿素，长期施用腐植酸尿素能更有效地富集特定秸秆分解细菌和真菌类群，包括拟节杆菌属和根瘤菌属等固氮菌，提高秸秆碳氮转化酶活性，提升秸秆的腐解率和碳氮释放率，因此，施用腐植酸尿素是华北平原秸秆促腐及养分资源高效利用的有效措施。
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