数字农科院2.0

TLR agonists as adjuvants for viral vaccines: mechanisms, applications, and future directions

文献类型： 外文期刊

作者： Shao, Fengyan;Zhu, Xiangyu;Yi, Ming;Gao, Hongyu;Wu, Jiali;Fang, Ruikang;Xie, Yubiao;Han, Jicheng;Lu, Huijun

作者机构：

关键词： adaptive immunity;immunomodulation;innate immunity;TLR agonists;toll-like receptors (TLRs);vaccine adjuvants;viral vaccines

期刊名称： FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY

ISSN：

年卷期： 2026 年 16 卷

页码：

收录情况： SCIE（2025版）

摘要： Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a pivotal role in the innate immune system by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), thereby initiating immune responses against viral infections. TLR agonists have emerged as promising adjuvants to enhance the efficacy of viral vaccines by modulating immune responses, improving antigen presentation, and promoting both humoral and cellular immunity. This review comprehensively summarizes the classification, signaling mechanisms, and immunomodulatory functions of cell-surface and intracellular TLRs. It further discusses the application of TLR agonists as adjuvants in vaccines against major viruses, including HBV, HCV, HIV, SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and flaviviruses. Key findings from preclinical and clinical studies highlight the potential of TLR agonists to overcome immune tolerance, enhance vaccine immunogenicity, and provide broad-spectrum protection. Finally, it points toward the integration of precision adjuvants with novel vaccine platforms as a core future direction, laying a theoretical and applied foundation for TLR agonists to become the next generation of viral vaccine adjuvants.

分类号：

  • 相关文献

[1]Evasion of host defense by Brucella. Yang J.,Wang Y.,Hou Y.,Sun M.,Xia T.,Wu X.. 2024

[2]Cellular metabolism hijacked by viruses for immunoevasion: potential antiviral targets. Li, Jiaqi,Wang, Yanjin,Deng, Hao,Li, Su,Qiu, Hua-Ji. 2023

[3]The HPV viral regulatory mechanism of TLRs and the related treatments for HPV-associated cancers. Shi Yu Qi,Miao Miao Yang,Chong Yang Li,Kun Yu,Shou Long Deng. 2024

[4]Immunity Against Hepatitis E Virus I.nfection: Implications For Therapy A nd Vaccine Development. Hakim, MS, Ikram, A, Zhou, JH, Wang, WS, Peppelenbosch, MP, Pan, QW. 2018

[5]How to Break through the Bottlenecks of in Ovo Vaccination in Poultry Farming. Li X.,Liu X.,Cui L.,Liu Z.,Zhang Y.,Li H.. 2024

[6]Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals T and B cell-related immune features in foot and mouth disease virus-infected mice. Yang Wang,Lihong Zhang,Zhao Zhang,Zhihua Chen,Jingru Xu,Han Zhang,Haixue Zheng,Jingjing Pei. 2025

[7]Outer Membrane Vesicles Attenuate Klebsiella pneumoniae Infection Injury by Affecting Macrophage Polarisation and Helper T Cell Differentiation. Wei Fan,Wei Wang,Lin Kong,Shifan Chen,Xinyu Zhang,Yilu Zhai,Bo Zhang,Yan Wang,Dazhuo Zhao,Xiukai Tang,Jiaqi Fu,Fuliang Sun. 2025

[8]Metabolic Reprogramming of Adaptive Immunity Induced by Viral Infections. Tong, Guoshuai,Dai, Jingwen,Liu, Qianqian,Gao, Xu,Li, Su,Qiu, Hua-Ji. 2025

[9]The analysis of the impacting factors of probiotics on immune responses. Li, Zhipeng,Li, Guangyu,Liu, Hanlu,Zhao, Jiaping,Jing, Yi,Yang, Fuhe. 2012

[10]Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides can enhance the immunity and antioxidation activity in immunosuppressed mice. Wang, Mi,Qin, Tao,Hu, Yuan Liang,Wang, Mi,Meng, Xin Yu,Le Yang, Rui,Wang, Xiao Yang,Zhang, Ke Yu,Fei, Chen Zhong,Li, Ying,Xue, Fei Qun.

[11]Immunomodulatory activities of a new pentapeptide (Bursopentin) from the chicken bursa of Fabricius. Li, D. Y.,Chen, P. Y.,Geng, Z. R.,Zhu, H. F.,Miao, D. N.,Wang, C..

[12]Aqueous extract of Bai-Hu-Tang, a classical Chinese herb formula, prevents excessive immune response and liver injury induced by LPS in rabbits. Zhang, Shidong,Wang, Dongsheng,Wang, Xurong,Yan, Zuoting,Zhang, Shidong,Wang, Dongsheng,Li, Shihong,Li, Jingyu,Zhang, Shidong,Wang, Xurong,Li, Jingyu,Li, Hongsheng,Yan, Zuoting,Zhang, Shidong,Li, Shihong,Li, Hongsheng. 2013

[13]Immunomodulatory effects of Inonotus obliquus polysaccharide on splenic lymphocytes infected with Toxoplasma gondii via NF-kappa B and MAPKs pathways. Sang, Rui,Sun, Fuliang,Zhou, Hongyuan,Wang, Meng,Li, Haitao,Li, Chunting,Sun, Xinhui,Zhao, Xin,Zhang, Xuemei. 2021

[14]Stress Response in the Honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) Gut Induced by Chlorinated Paraffins at Residue Levels Found in Bee Products. Qi, Suzhen,Dong, Shujun,Fan, Man,Xue, Xiaofeng,Wu, Liming,Wang, Peilong. 2023

[15]Antigenic and immunogenic properties of recombinant proteins consisting of two immunodominant African swine fever virus proteins fused with bacterial lipoprotein OprI. Guanglei Zhang,Wei Liu,Zhan Gao,Yanyan Chang,Sicheng Yang,Qian Peng,Sudan Ge,Bijing Kang,Junjun Shao,Huiyun Chang. 2022

[16]Streptococcus suis Serotype 2 Infection Causes Host Immunomodulation Through Induction of Thymic Atrophy. Gottschalk, Marcelo,Duan, Guixin,Li, Ganwu,Wang, Zhenzhong,Yu, Ying,Gottschalk, Marcelo,Wang, Gang,Meng, Fandan,Lyu, Chuang,Wang, Shujie,Cai, Xuehui,He, Xijun,Yang, Yong-Bo. 2020

[17]Molecular Characteristics and Potent Immunomodulatory Activity of Fasciola hepatica Cystatin. Kai Zhang,Yucheng Liu,Guowu Zhang,Xifeng Wang,Zhiyuan Li,Yunxia Shang,Chengcheng Ning,Chunhui Ji,Xuepeng Cai,Xianzhu Xia,Jun Qiao,Qingling Meng. 2022

[18]Exploring extracellular vesicles in zoonotic helminth biology: implications for diagnosis, therapeutic and delivery. Abdul Qadeer,Abdul Wajid,Hafiz Abdul Rafey,Saqib Nawaz,Sawar Khan,Sajid Ur Rahman,Khalid J. Alzahrani,Muhammad Zahoor Khan,Mohammad Nafi Solaiman Alsabi,Hanif Ullah,Sher Zaman Safi,Zanxian Xia,Muhammad Zahoor. 2024

[19]Lactobacillus plantarum-Derived Inorganic Polyphosphate Regulates Immune Function via Inhibiting M1 Polarization and Resisting Oxidative Stress in Macrophages. Shuzhen Li,Aijuan Zheng,Zhimin Chen,Xiaoying Wang,Jiang Chen,Zhiheng Zou,Guohua Liu. 2025

[20]Hydrogels in Veterinary Vaccine Development: Types, Mechanisms, and Applications. Peisen Zhao,Yuwei Yang,Lingxue Yu,Guoxin Li,Dandan Zhu. 2025

作者其他论文 更多>>