数字农科院2.0

Insect-Mediated Metabolic Activation of Etofenprox Amplifies Hidden Aquatic Toxicity in Rice Ecosystems

文献类型： 外文期刊

作者： 张慧慧;张懿煕;王璟廷;张佳琪;时楚婷;刘泽文

关键词： etofenprox; oxidation; aquatic toxicity; metabolic activation; ecological risk

期刊名称： Environmental Science and Technology

ISSN： 0013-936X

年卷期： 2025 年

页码：

收录情况： SCIE（2025版） ; ; EI（2025版）

摘要： Pyrethroid insecticides, though effective against pests, often exhibit high toxicity to aquatic organisms. A notable exception is etofenprox, which is uniquely approved for rice paddies due to its low aquatic toxicity. However, this study uncovers a hidden ecological risk: etofenprox undergoes metabolic activation in the insect pest Nilaparvata lugens via oxidation mediated by cytochrome P450 CYP425A1. The oxidation converts the etofenprox ether bond into an ester (α-CO, 2-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropyl 3-phenoxybenzoate), a hallmark of potent pyrethroids. This transformation dramatically amplifies aquatic toxicity, with α-CO exhibiting 23−79-fold higher lethality in fish and crabs than the parent compound, reaching levels comparable to those of conventional pyrethroids like cypermethrin. Our findings challenge the traditional structure−toxicity paradigms by uncovering a dynamic “metabolic activation−toxicity amplification” mechanism. Crucially, this bioactivation creates an indirect exposure pathway in integrated rice−fish−crab systems, where predators ingest toxic metabolite-laden pests, escalating ecological risks. This study reveals insect-mediated metabolic conversion as a critical driver of hidden aquatic toxicity. This finding redefines pesticide risk assessment by advocating for mandatory metabolite toxicity evaluation alongside parent compounds. Our results urge a reconsideration of etofenprox’s safety in aquatic agroecosystems, with broader implications for pyrethroid design and unforeseen ecological risks.

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